Bodily immunity to error *

Self-ascription of a property is said to be immune to error through misidentification relative to the first-person if and only if one cannot be mistaken about the person who instantiates the property when one has gained information about the property in the appropriate way (although one can be mistaken about the property one ascribes to oneself) (Evans, 1982). For instance, if I think that I am anxious because I feel anxious, my thought is immune to error through misidentification of the subject. But if I think that I am anxious because my psychoanalyst told me so, my thought is not immune to error. Indeed, the psychoanalyst may have confused me with another patient, who is the person suffering from anxiety. To be immune, my thought must be grounded in introspection, that is, on a way of gaining information about one's mental states from the inside.